How 400 year old shark could help humans be cancer-free
Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus), native to the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean
Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus), native to the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, are remarkable not only for their impressive lifespans—reaching up to 400 years—but also for their apparent resistance to cancer. Recent genomic studies have begun to uncover the secrets behind these extraordinary traits, offering potential insights into human aging and disease resistance.
Unraveling the Genome
An international team of scientists recently achieved a significant milestone by sequencing approximately 92% of the Greenland shark's genome. This comprehensive genetic map has revealed several unique features that may contribute to the species' longevity and cancer resistance. Notably, the Greenland shark's genome is unusually large, approximately twice the size of the human genome and larger than that of any other shark species studied to date.
The Role of 'Jumping Genes'
A striking discovery within the Greenland shark's genome is the abundance of transposable elements, commonly known as 'jumping genes.' These DNA sequences can move from one location to another within the genome, potentially causing mutations that lead to diseases like cancer. However, in Greenland sharks, these jumping genes appear to play a protective role. Researchers hypothesize that the sharks have evolved mechanisms to harness these elements for enhanced DNA repair, thereby maintaining genomic stability and reducing the risk of cancer.
Enhanced DNA Repair Mechanisms
The study also identified a network of 81 genes unique to Greenland sharks that are involved in DNA repair processes. Central to this network is the TP53 gene, known for its tumor-suppressing functions in humans. In elephants, multiple copies of this gene have been linked to strong cancer resistance. In Greenland sharks, structural alterations in TP53 and its associated network may enhance their ability to repair DNA, contributing to both their longevity and low incidence of cancer.
Implications for Human Health
Understanding the genetic adaptations of Greenland sharks opens new avenues for research into human aging and cancer prevention. By studying how these sharks maintain genomic integrity over centuries, scientists hope to develop strategies to enhance DNA repair mechanisms in humans, potentially leading to improved healthspan and reduced cancer risk.
While these findings are promising, further research is needed to fully comprehend the complex interactions within the Greenland shark's genome that confer such remarkable traits. Nonetheless, these ancient creatures continue to provide invaluable insights into the possibilities of extending healthy human lifespans.
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